Industrialization in Australia Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Examine about the Industrialization in Australia. Answer: Presentation Industrialization can be communicated as the foundation of enterprises and new present day methods that prompts an entirely different time for modernisation. Industrialization can likewise be communicated as the Industrial Revolution. The fundamental mechanical upheaval in Australia occurred in (1750-1914), that was the most interesting span and a huge advance for modernisation throughout the entire existence of present day world(Moore, 2014). It has such a large number of effects and was the impetus for emotional social varieties. This insurgency was more than the smokestacks, little young men battling for sinister plants. The industrialization had a significant connection with the gold, as the gold was been found in Victoria in 1851, when the industrialization in Britain was on its best. Around the same time The Great Exhibition was arranged in Hyde Park London at acclaimed Crystal Palace. This was sorted out by both of the mechanical innovation and plan as a festival of modernisation, and furthermore show cased British Industrial Superiority. Around 6 million individuals that was identical to 33% of the entire populace of Britain around then, visited the Exhibition and a large number of them were soon to there to join the mass movement to the goldfields(Gray, 2016). The individuals who went to Australia during the 1850s brought the experience, information and the incredible abilities that lead to the major mechanical unrest. A considerable lot of them had ridden in the trains, and were certain enough this would bring the new stream and the fueled age would build up Australia as the most impressive country on earth, as they had additionally worked in the advanced mechanical production lines of that time(Macapuno, 2014). Some of them additionally voyaged Australia as the Great Britain iron hulled helper sea that was the going stream traveler transport at any point assembled. The diggings region that spoke to the early years on the goldfields significantly communicated the pre-mechanical innovation, as the work was finished utilizing the human or pony power(Hoy, 2014). Course of events portrayal of Industrialization process in Australia During the 1850s, the gold turned out to be increasingly convoluted to come to, the diggers on the Victorian Goldfields likewise applied the information that they got in Industrialization of Britain. Subsequently they quickly presented steam-controlled apparatus in order to get to the errands that close to unimaginable for the people and the pony power(Goh, 2016). The innovation blasted as the Industrial Revolution had now previously made the significant techniques that had a crucial need to arrive at the gold covered profoundly in the ground(Loosemore, 2015). Among this the Sovereign Hills were having the biggest assortment of working steam-driven innovation in Victoria. It likewise comprised of wheelwrights production line lines of apparatus that were initially steam-driven, and still transformed the tree trunks into wooden talked wheels(wadera, 2015). This was a significant case of an early settled manufacturing plant exhibiting the procedures of large scale manufacturing. The cutting edge apparatus was extremely worth a visit a Sovereign Hill. It was from the Defense manufacturing plant in Ohio in the USA from the 1880s and was being introduced at the Sovereign slope to show the progress from high quality wooden wheels utilizing hardware that are easy to be automated creation line process, when the parts were made a masse and were collected practically like a pack. Issues Related To Industrialisation in Australia Unhygienic Surroundings and Slums In spite of a considerable lot of the constructive outcomes, industrialization had likewise lead to a significant number of the negative impacts during the transformation (jones, 2016). Urban zones were expanding their tourist spots and size that lead to the congestion in settled regions. For this situation the populace is was expanded to the point that it additionally lead to emerge a considerable lot of the medical issues and extreme illnesses. Day to day environments were additionally influenced as they turned out to be increasingly messy and unhygienic, soon the infections filled the boulevards as there were relatively few sanitation codes in the settled territories. Working in Factories Production line work was hazardous just as not that sterile to have a legitimate working. The supervisors carefully made their representatives to work in that conditions commandingly and furthermore not rewarded them well as they were for the most part come up short on and furthermore were not given appropriate facilities(smith, 2015). The greater part of the occasions laborers were made to exhaust and they additionally were not given adequate cash as an end-result of their work. This is in a roundabout way brought about the short future, if the laborers worked in such a conditions. The working hours in a day were generally inasmuch as the working in plants were made profound inside that didnt incorporate the daylight to expand the working time(Harvie, 2003). There were additionally no such guidelines set by the legislature for those laborers who were working in such conditions. Youngster Labor As the unrests appeared, there was an unexpected requirement for the labor and subsequently youngsters were additionally compelled to work to make the adequate profit for their family. Before long they started to recruit the kids for working in the industrial facilities as they were little and furthermore had the option to cross the minuscule openings in the mines or factories(Simpson, 2014). It was discovered best around then as they presently had a simplicity to play out the work that had a prerequisite of little hands. Pay Slavery Laborers were given extremely low wages much in the wake of buckling down in such circumstances, those wages were so low even those of fairs around then. Sadly, endurance was made so troublesome that the laborers will undoubtedly work, and a significant requirement for work was set up among the individuals, and made them slaves for both of their occupations and that likewise on the base wages. In spite of the fact that the modern insurgency helped Australia from various perspectives, it additionally lead to numerous damages consequently. The absence of sanitation offices got the opportunity to bring about numerous medical issues and furthermore lead to affliction among the individuals, and messy societies(Lee, 2003). The working conditions likewise hurt the laborers and the residents in different manners that was prompting exhaustion and disease. Youngsters were likewise taken strongly from their homes to work in such conditions, they were additionally purchased to ranches and were made to work there in those filthy and unhygienic production lines. Poor working circumstances and the youngster work were the two significant issues civility of Industrial Revolution. End The result of this paper can be characterized as, that the Industrialization can be significant for the development of any nation. It requires some investment and is a persistent and consistent development. It has a huge extent of examination regarding the future angle. For the better execution of Industrialization, the legislature must arrangement system for little, medium and enormous scope associations. References Goh, E., 2016. www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01446193.2016.1253856. [Online] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01446193.2016.1253856 [Accessed 14 october 2017]. Dark, E., 2016. industrialization. [Online] Available at: https://www.inquiriesjournal.com/watchword/industrialization [Accessed 14 October 2017]. Harvie, C., 2003. https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066context=commwkpapers. [Online] Available at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066context=commwkpapers [Accessed 15 October 2017]. Hoy, J., 2014. education.sovereignhill.com.au. [Online] Available at: https://education.sovereignhill.com.au/media/transfers/examinations/InvestigtatingIR.pdf [Accessed 14 october 2017]. jones, P., 2016. impacts during the-1800s-1900s. [Online] Available at: https://sites.google.com/website/5effectsofindustrialization/impacts during the-1800s-1900s [Accessed 14 October 2017]. Lee, D. R., 2003. www.environment.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/legacy/ahc/distributions/connecting a-country/chapter1 [Accessed 15 October 2017]. Loosemore, H., 2015. www.environment.gov.au/environmental change/atmosphere science-information/atmosphere science/impacts. [Online] Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/environmental change/atmosphere science-information/atmosphere science/impacts [Accessed 14 october 2017]. Macapuno, H., 2014. modern upset effect on-australia. [Online] Available at: https://prezi.com/uolovt78za_l/modern upheaval sway on-australia/[Accessed 14 october 2017]. Moore, W. E., 2014. industrialization. [Online] Available at: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/US and-canada/us-history/industrialization [Accessed 14 October 2017]. Simpson, M., 2014. australia-and-the-modern upset effect of-the-primary railroads. [Online] Available at: https://maas.museum/inside-the-assortment/2014/06/16/australia-and-the-mechanical upset effect of-the-main railroads/[Accessed 15 October 2017]. smith, r., 2015. positive-and-negative-impacts of-industrialization.html. [Online] Available at: https://www.geography-papers.com/positive-and-negative-impacts of-industrialization.html [Accessed 14 October 2017]. wadera, H., 2015. how-effective was-industrialization-in-australia-promoting essay.php. [Online] Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/papers/showcasing/how-fruitful was-industrialization-in-australia-advertising essay.php [Accessed 14 october 2017].

Implementing Cloud Computing Environment for Critical Factors

Question: Examine about theImplementing Cloud Computing Environment for Critical Factors. Answer: Presentation The headway of innovation has reached to a level where it tends to be utilized in the execution of ICT or Information and Communication Technology based organizations. The development of online business has encouraged the executions also. The reconciliation between distributed computing and web based business gives answer for the improvement of monetary development dependent on innovation (Laudon and Laudon 2016). The accompanying report would incorporate such usage of distributed computing into the matter of the furniture online business called ALLOHA Furniture World, the advantages and dangers related with the execution, the correlation of the dangers and advantages intrinsic in distributed computing, the moderation procedures for the dangers and if ALLOHA Furniture should actualize distributed computing or not. Advantages and dangers of utilizing distributed computing in ALLOHA Furniture World The advantages of distributed computing are horde in the field of online business organizations. Initially, distributed computing gives and web based business application to take into account the changing requests and situations of the market improving its adaptability and the design that the business needs. Besides, since in an online business application, speed is the most significant angle to keep the clients stuck, distributed computing furnishes with more noteworthy stockpiling, computational force and data transfer capacity (Laudon and Laudon 2016). It additionally decreases support and capacity cost by executing the innovation in the virtual the internet and makes the whole framework open minded to any debacle. In any case, there are barely any dangers related with the framework also. Cloud condition, because of its distributive nature, is powerless to security issues and structures one of the significant concerns. Likewise, as distributed computing utilizes virtual PC innovation, clients individual information is kept on different virtual server farms, which may cross global limits, making it progressively powerless against dangers. Correlation of the dangers and advantages inalienable in distributed computing The dangers and the advantages that are natural in distributed computing has a stay away possibility of shaping a hazard about information helplessness issues. The distributed computing condition has without a doubt rolled out a progressive improvement in adjusting to an innovation that is without any physical stockpiling framework. An internet business application might be a portrayal of a virtual shop in any case; it doesn't have any physical presence (Demydov et al. 2015). In this way, execution of the distributed computing condition web based business applications is to be sure an advantage yet in addition the dangers make it inclined to turn into a more prominent danger. There is no virtual impediment in distributed storage and along these lines there are no confinements in the capacity zones. The immense stockpiling capacity, anyway is an or more point yet in addition can possibly make the internet business application succumb to information robbery and information security iss ues. On the off chance that ALLOHA Furniture World should move to utilizing cloud administrations or not It is suggested that Alloha Furniture World should execute cloud administrations. This is on the grounds that, the usage of the web based business among little and medium business people, which have constrained assets and these ventures, would need to create and grow promoting with internet business, can utilize cloud benefits that are free or have a minimal effort. Cloud execution is customizable and can possibly make the business versatile in nature (Wang et al. 2016). This would effectively make the matter of Alloha Furniture arrive at a taking off high expanding their client base. Cloud administration execution additionally needs a low financial range in correlation with other innovative usage. The respectability and security dangers could likewise be alleviated, the same number of cloud specialist co-ops have great honesty and the expense can be altered to the prerequisites. With great framework, particularly for a supplier solid supplier, usage of these administrations could be handily accomplished for Aloha Furniture World. Alleviation techniques to diminish the dangers of moving to the cloud Distributed computing offers arrangements also alongside the dangers it gives in executing the innovation into web based business applications. It ought to be remembered that the distributed computing innovation administrations ought not be executed without legitimate information on the relief systems by a web based business application (Lian 2015). These moderation systems are regulated by a hypervisor, with great comprehension of the dangers of a distributed computing condition. These should be possible by the accompanying techniques: Execution of basic strategies to ensure and forbid the sharing of records and their qualifications between clients Utilizing single sign-on (SSO) in the association Working with specialists to guarantee cloud security routinely Usage of start to finish encryption End Consequently, it very well may be inferred that, it is valuable for the web based business site use of Alloha Furniture World to actualize the most recent innovation of cloud-based administrations to build their client base. Despite the fact that, the innovation has its dangers alongside the additional advantages, there are ways that they can be alleviated to separate the best possible usage of the innovation. The report builds up in insights regarding the dangers and advantages that the cloud administrations offer and how they can be used to profit the business for Alloha Furniture World in any event, relieving the approaching dangers. Reference Demydov, I.V., Strykhalyuk, B.M., Shpur, O.M., Mohamed, M.E.H. what's more, Klymash, Y.V., 2015. The auxiliary utilitarian union of cloud administration conveyance stage after help accessibility and execution measures. , (1), pp.144-159. Laudon, K.C. also, Laudon, J.P., 2016. The board data framework. Pearson Education India. Lian, J.W., 2015. Basic variables for cloud based e-receipt administration reception in Taiwan: An experimental study.International Journal of Information Management,35(1), pp.98-109. Wang, S., Wan, J., Li, D. what's more, Zhang, C., 2016. Executing brilliant plant of industrie 4.0: an outlook.International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks,12(1), p.3159805.

Essay Examples and How They Can Be Used to Prepare For Exams

Essay Examples and How They Can Be Used to Prepare For ExamsEnvironmental science essay samples are a great way to get a feel for the kinds of essays that are commonly required in undergraduate studies. A student will come across a number of topics relating to this field, which is based on the natural environment. The various elements of this subject are important to the average person and they also have some huge implications for the world as a whole. A student will need to learn about these topics and they will also be required to write their own academic essays on the subjects of these topics.There are a number of things that the student should be aware of when it comes to the subject of these topics and course work. The first thing is that environmental science is not just about plants and animals, but it includes the human species as well. Most of the time, a human being can also be considered an animal in the realm of the natural environment. There are certain elements that go into the composition of an animal that can be observed in the composition of humans. For example, the different types of chemicals that are involved in the analysis of people can be seen in the animals that they look like.An environmental sciences course is a very good place for students to study the human body and its composition. Students can also get a feel for the different elements that make up the living organisms that live in the world. They can learn about the chemical makeup of different types of animals and plants. They can also learn about how the natural environment affects the way the humans look and act.These studies will give students a good understanding of all the different elements that make up this area of study. In fact, it is possible for a student to learn more about this subject matter if they read several environmental science essay samples. This way, they will be able to see how many different essays have been written and if there are similarities in the way s these essays are written.The most common elements that are found in environmental science essay samples include observations about the natural environment. A student will see the environment as a series of stages that occur over time and the general ways that the environment will change over time. There will also be changes in temperature, which is necessary because of the amount of heat energy that comes from the sun.A student will also learn about the different types of air that are present in the environment. These elements can include molecules, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor, humidity, etc. These elements all play an important role in the composition of the world, and they will also affect the composition of the human body as well.The different components of the world that a student will study include the atmosphere, the land surface, the water surface, and the crust. The crust is the layer that sits between the atmosphere and the ground. All of these th ings have been studied through research and the people who conduct these studies also do the research for the general public.The topics that are included in the academic study of these subjects are very broad and the information that is found will vary. It is important for a student to read a variety of the environmental science essay samples and gain a feel for the type of topics that are likely to be studied in a number of different courses. This will help them prepare for the types of assignments that they will be required to write.

How to Write Narrative Essay

How to Write Narrative Essay? Narrative essay is one of the most interesting types of essays. It is dedicated to some special events in the author’s life, description of some kinds of activities, self-analysis, etc. When you are writing a narrative essay, you should keep to the given topic and try to develop it to the fullest extent. In order to do it, you should clearly state your points, support them with examples and provide their analysis. Your essay should consist of the three main parts – introduction, main body and conclusion. In the first part, it is better to present some general information on your topic and list the points you are going to further develop in the body of your essay. The number of points should correspond to the number of paragraphs in the main part. In conclusion you should summarize the points and make some general inference. After you finish writing your essay, you should have a feeling that you’ve discovered something interesting in yourself or in the object described. That is why, this kind of essay is one of the most interesting ones. It can not only bring you improvement of academic record, but also help you analyze your past and make some useful conclusions for the future. In order to check your narrative essay, answer the following questions: Is the style of my writing appropriate for my readers? Is the flow of thoughts clear for my readers? Did I support each point with examples and proper argumentation? Did I use enough synonyms to avoid excessive repetition? Are my conclusions important and clear? If you clear all the inconsistencies revealed in the process of questions answering, you are sure to receive a successful essay worthy of praise.

Essay Differences Between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson

Differences Between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinsons works have numerous differences. Compared to Dickinsons short and seemingly simple poems, Whitmans are long and often complex. Both pioneered their own unique style of writing. Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson both have been hailed as original and unique artists. They each have distinctive voices that many have attempted to replicate and have been unable to do so. Whitman wrote in epic like proportions; he developed his own rhythmic structure, creating complex lines and stanzas. Whitmans style of free verse become synonymous with his name and works, and helped distinguish him as a great American poet. By using free verse poetry, Whitman tore down†¦show more content†¦When the skipper cannot bear the tragic scene no more, and decides to save all the stricken passengers, Whitman uses a Biblical allusion to add a deeper meaning to the skippers heroic act. How he followd them and tackd with them three days and would not give it up, how he saved the drifting company at last (Whitman 1). The skippers strife to save the drifting passengers for three days is an allusion to the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the Bible, Jesus dies to save mankind from sin, and resurrects three days later. Whitman uses this Biblical allusion to bring the skipper up to the level of Jesus Christ, making the two saviors equal. As the skipper looks onward at the faces of the survivors, Whitman applies imagery to describe the passengers. How the silent old-faced infants and the lifted sick, and the sharp-lippd unshaved men (Whitman 1). The passengers that survive the ship wreck are no longer the same people that stepped foot on that ship. The image of old babies doesnt describe their age, but their sense of maturity, even though babies cannot be mature. Likewise, the image of the sharp-lippd unshaved men doesnt describe their lips and hair, but their burden of being unable to save their own families from the storm, even though that is the duty of a father. At first, it may seem as if the skipper is the sole hero in the poem, but that is not the case. Through Song of Myself, WhitmanShow MoreRelatedDeath, a Theme in Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman  ´s Poetry1145 Words   |  5 PagesWalt Whitman and Emily Dickinson’s poetry is very different; however death seems to be a familiar topic amongst both poets. Opposites attract, and you could say the same for Whitman and Dickinson because though they have different writing styles both repeatedly write about death. Once more, although both Whitman and Dickinson have many different feelings about death, they also share many similar feelings about it as well. Although Walt Whitmans poetry is rather long and quite simple and Emily DickinsonsRead MoreEmily Dickinson and Walt Whitman: Dissimilar Poets Establish Unique Writing Style1682 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Dickinson and Walt Whitman both were American poets who lived in the 19th century who strayed from the traditional style of writing poetry and formed their own individual style of writing which became the unique American style of poetry. Their lifestyles and writing styles were extremely different, as they shared litt le in common. The dissimilarities in these two poets are in the way they composed their poems and possibly in the content of the poems. Whitman established a unique style inRead More Dickinson vs Whitman Essay611 Words   |  3 PagesDickinson vs Whitman Two Poets, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson are probably two of the most influential people in American poetry. They are regarded as the founders modern American poetry. Walt Whitman (1819-1892), for the time was breaking new ground with his diverse, energetic verse with regards to subject matter, form and style whether talking about overlooked objects in nature such as a single blade of grass or even our own hearing. Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) while living a life ofRead MoreEssay on Comparing Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson719 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson The lives of Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson have many similarities and differences. Here, we will focus on the similarities in their lives in order to bring to attention a correlation between Whitmans poem I Saw in Louisiana a Live-oak Growing and Dickinsons poem # 1510. Both poets wrote during the time of Romanticism, even though Whitman was Dickinsons senior by some eleven years. 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The spirit of individuality and self-reliance, key principles of Transcendentalism, are noted in Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Walt Whitman’s poem â€Å"Song of Myself† and Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"Nature (790).† Through their literary work, Douglass, Whitman, and Dickinson share commonalities and differingRead MoreThe Value Of Literature Courses1428 Words   |  6 Pagesfor adults to understand how to analyze and criticize longer works of any nature. It is important they build the ability to hold the attention and focus for this t ype of work as they will likely see it in the future. What - if any - differences do you notice between American literature and literature from other parts of the world? (This question is based on your observations. A stronger argument can be made if you write in third person.) 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Racism It Still Lives Today ! - 1485 Words

Racism: It still lives today! â€Å"Racism is still with us. But it is up to us to prepare our children for what they have to meet, and, hopefully, we shall overcome.†(brainyquotes.com) In 2016, racism is still present in many ways. Although, police brutality has always been a hot topic in the media and politics, today it affects the rising generations directly. The workforce has also always penalized minorities in job opportunities, salaries, as well as putting limits on the options for professional appearance. In the 21st century, it seems as though the public school systems have reverted back to the â€Å"separate but equal,† laws of the Civil Rights Movement. Other minorities other than African-Americans are also affected by racism today due to strict and unfair immigration laws. Racism is more prominent in America in 2016 than it was during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. Police brutality was a common issue for African-Americans during the 1960s. During this time, African-Americans were dealing with being treated as if the whites were superior to them. The blacks were not allowed to attend the same schools as white people, go to the same restaurants as white people, sit in the same waiting rooms as white people, ride the same buses as white people, or drink out of the same water fountains as white people. At one point in history, blacks were essentially were treated as less than human beings. Slavery was a gateway for whites to do whatever the pleased to blacks, asShow MoreRelatedRacism, Racism And The Civil Rights Movement1009 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is Evident in American Society Today The history of the United States in regard to racism and discrimination is no secret. Children are taught about segregation, slavery, and the Civil Rights Movement like the events were purely in the past. In part the events were in the past; however, the results of said events are not. 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Data Link Layer free essay sample

Table of Contents Part 1: General review of data link layer2 a)Explain the working principles of the data link layer. 2 b)Is controlled access better than contention for media access control? Discuss. 2 c)Why is error detection important in this layer? What is being measured? 3 d)Identify three significant noises that can cause errors in data communication digital circuits. Briefly explain. 3 Part 2: General review of error correction4 a)Why is cyclical redundancy check (CRC) most popular error checking scheme? 4 b)How is Hamming distance used in error correction? Explain. 4 c)Briefly explain how parity is used to find the location of single-bit errors in the forward error correction method? 5 Part 3: Demonstration of data link protocols5 a)Explain the necessity of data link protocols? 5 b)Asynchronous communication is sometimes called start-stop transmission. Discuss with necessary diagram? 6 c)Explain the Ethernet protocols categories? 6 References8 Part 1: General review of data link layer Explain the working principles of the data link layer. The data link layer sits between the physical layer and the network layer. It is responsible for sending and receiving messages to and from other computers. It is responsible for moving a message from one computer to next computer where the message needs to go. The data link layer performs the main functions and is divided into two sub layers. The first sublayer called logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the second sublayer called media access control (MAC) sublayer. The LLC sublayer software at the sending computer is responsible for transmitting the network layer Protocol Data Unit (PDU) with the data link layer. At the receiving computer the MAC sublayer software takes the data link layer PDU from the LLC sublayer and coverts into a stream of bits and also controls when the physical layer actually transmits the bits over the circuit. The data link layer controls the way messages are sent on the physical media. The data link layer performs various functions depending upon the hardware protocol used in the network and both sender and receiver have to agree on the rules and protocols that govern how they will communicate with each other. The data link layer is concerned with physical addressing, network topology, physical link management, error notification, ordered delivery of frames and flow control (Fitzgerald Dennis 2009). Is controlled access better than contention for media access control? Discuss. There are two fundamental approaches to media access control that are control access and contention. In control access the polling process is used in which the mainframe computer (i. e. server) controls the circuit and determines which clients (i. e. computer or terminal) can access media at what time. Polling is like a classroom situation where the instructor (i. e. server) calls students who have raised their hands to gain access to the media. Contention is altogether opposite to controlled access. In this case the computers wait until a circuit is free which means they have to check whether any computers are transmitting and then only they are allowed to transmit whenever they have data to send. But to determine which is better can be considered based on the largest amount of user data to be transmitted through the network. The contention approach has worked better than controlled access approach for small network where there is low usage, but can be problematic in heavy usage networks. In heavy usage networks where many computers want to transmit at the same time the controlled access approach is better because it prevents collisions and delivers better throughput in such networks. But today’s contention approach is better than controlled access because they have been improved to the point where they are able to deliver significantly better throughput than controlled access and are also competitive because of the hardware cost (Fitzgerald Dennis 2009). Why is error detection important in this layer? What is being measured? The responsibility of the data link layer is sending and receiving messages to and from different computers without errors. The data link layer also accepts streams of bits from the physical layer and organizes them into coherent messages that it passes to the network layer (Fitzgerald Dennis 2009). Error detection is important in this layer because it protects the network from errors. There are human errors and network errors. The network errors are those that occur during transmission of messages from one computer to another computer. During transmission of messages there are two possibilities of network errors that is corrupt data (data that have been changed) and lost data. The data link layer is responsible for the transmission of messages without errors from one computer over one circuit to the next computer where the message needs to go. Even if we know what types of errors can occur, we can recognize the error only if we have a copy of the intended transmission for comparison. But if we don’t have the copy of transmission then detecting errors for machine would be slow, costly and of questionable value (Forouzan 2002). The error detection uses the concept of redundancy which means short group of bits appended to or inserted to each unit of data. The extra bits are redundant to the information (message); they are then discarded as soon as the accuracy of the transmission is determined for detecting errors at the destination computer. Identify three significant noises that can cause errors in data communication digital circuits. Briefly explain. Line noise and distortion can cause data communication errors. Errors can occur during data transmission. Data transmitted both analogue and digital is susceptible to many types of noise and errors. The three significant noises that can cause error in data communication digital circuits are: White noise: white noise also called thermal noise or Gaussian noise. This noise is a relatively continuous type of noise and much like the static you hear on radio between two stations. It will always be present in some degree of transmission media and electronic device and is also dependent on the temperature of the medium. The level of noise increases due to the increased movement of electrons in the medium. The white noise can be removed from the digital signal by passing the signal through a signal regenerator before the noise completely overwhelms the original signal (White 2007). Impulse noise: Impulse noise or also called noise spike is a noncontinuous noise and the most difficult errors to detect since it occurs randomly. Difficulty comes in separating the noise from the signal. Some of the sources of impulse noise are voltage change, lightning flashes during thunderstorms, fluorescent lights and poor connection in circuits. If the impulse noise interferes with the digital signal, often the original digital signal can be recognized and recovered. The way to prevent impulse noise is by shielding or moving cables (White 2007). Cross-talk: Crosstalk is like an unwanted coupling between two different signal paths. The unwanted coupling could be electrical, can also occur between two sets of twisted pair (in phone line) or it can be electromagnetic. Crosstalk during telephone calls can be experience when you hear other conversations in the background. Wet or damp weather can also increase crosstalk. Even though crosstalk is relatively continuous it can be reduced by proper precautions and hardware; that is by increasing the guradbands or move or shielding the wires (White 2007) Part 2: General review of error correction Why is cyclical redundancy check (CRC) most popular error checking scheme? Three common error detection methods are parity checking, longitudinal redundancy checking and polynomial checking (that is particularly checksum and cyclic redundancy checking). Parity checking is one of the oldest and simplest error detection methods. Any single error (switch of one bit 1 or 0) will be detected by parity, but it cannot determine in which bit was in the error. If two bits are switched the parity check will not detect any error. Therefore the probability of detecting an error is only 50 percent. Many networks these days do not use parity checking because of low error detection rate. The most popular polynomial error checking scheme is cyclical redundancy check (CRC) method which adds 8 to 32 check bits to potentially large data packets and yields error detection capability approaching of 100 percent. In CRC a message is treated as one long binary number, CRC performs quite well and the most commonly used CRC codes are CRC-16 (16-bit version), CRC-CCIT (another 16-bit version) and CRC-32(32-bit version). CRC -16 will detect about 99. 99 percent of all burst errors longer than 16 bits and CRC-32 will detect about 99. 99 percent of all burst errors longer than 32 bits (Fitzgerald Dennis 2009; White 2007) How is Hamming distance used in error correction? Explain. The number of bits positions in which two codewords differ is called Hamming distance. The significance of Hamming distance is that if two codewords are Hamming distance d apart then it will require d single bit errors to convert one into the other. The error correcting properties of code depends on tis Hamming distance (Forouzan 2007). To detect d errors we will need a distance d+1 code because with such a code there is no way that d single bit error can change a valid codeword into another valid codeword. So when the receiver sees an invalid codeword it can tell that a transmission error has occurred. Similarly when to correct d errors we will need a distance 2d +1 ode because by doing this the legal codewords are so far apart that even with d changes, the original codeword is still closer than any other codeword so that it can be uniquely determined. Normally a frame consist of m data (that is message) bits and r redundant or check bits. Let the total length be n (i. e. n= m+r). So the n-bit unit will contain data and check bits which are often referred to as an n-b it codeword. Given two possible code word say 10001001 and 10110001 then is it possible to determine how many corresponding bits differ. In this example 3 bits differ. Thus to determine how many bits differ just exclusive OR the two codewords and count the number of 1 bits in the result (Tanenbaum 2003). Briefly explain how parity is used to find the location of single-bit errors in the forward error correction method? Parity bits are used on asynchronous data streams to determine whether the received data has error or not. The transmitter adds the parity bit to the data stream and then the receiver compares this to the status of the received parity bits. If the two states are the same then the receiver assumes that the received data is error free. If in case the two states are different then the receiver assumes that the data was errored. How parity is used to find single- bit errors in forward error correction method can be explained with the Hamming code example. Consider three parity bits P1, P2, and P4 are added to data bits D3, D5, D6, and D7. The parity bits (P1, P2, and P4) are 101 and data bits (D3, D5, D6, and D7) are 1010. In this example Hamming code associates even parity bits with unique combinations of data bits. The parity bit P1 applies to data bits D3, D5 and D7. The parity bit P2 applies to data bits D3, D6 and D7. And parity bit P4 applies to data bits D5, D6 and D7. For this example data bits (D3, D5, D6, D7) are 1010 so P1 must be 1 because there is only a single 1 among D3, D5 and D7 and parity must be even. Similarly P2 must be 0 and P4 must be 1 for even party. Now assume that during transmission data bit D7 is changed from 0 to 1 by line noise. Since data bit D7 is being checked by parity bits P1, P2 and P4, all three parity bits now show odd parity instead of correct even parity. The data bit D7 is the only data bit which is monitored by all three parity bits; therefore when D7 is in error all three parity bits show an incorrect parity. In this way the receiver can determine which bit was in error and reverse its state, thus correcting the error without retransmission (Fitzgerald Dennis 2009; Smillie 1999). Part 3: Demonstration of data link protocols Explain the necessity of data link protocols? The data link protocols are a set of specifications which are used to implement the data link layer. They contain rules that are used for framing, addressing, and error and flow control. Data link layer protocols are divided into two subgroups: asynchronous protocols and synchronous protocols. The asynchronous protocols treat each character in a bit stream independently and synchronous protocols take the whole bit stream and chop it into characters of equal size. Nowadays asynchronous protocols are mostly outdated due to its inherent slowness and so asynchronous transmission is being replaced by higher speed synchronous mechanisms. Protocols governing synchronous transmission can be divided into two classes: character-oriented protocols and bit-oriented protocols. In character- oriented protocols the control information is in the form of code words taken from existing character set of ASCII or EBCDIC. These multibit characters carry whole information about line discipline, flow control and error control. But the bit-oriented protocols can pack more information into shorter frames. Initially the synchronous data link control (SDLC) was the basis for all bit oriented protocols but then in 1979, ISO designed high-level data link control (HDLC) which was based on SDLC and is the basis for all bit oriented protocols in use today. HDLC is designed to support both half-duplex and full-duplex communication over point-to-point and multi point links (Forouzan 2002). Asynchronous communication is sometimes called start-stop transmission. Discuss with necessary diagram? In asynchronous transmission each character is transmitted independently of all other characters. For separation of characters and synchronization, as start bit and a stop bit are put in front and back of each individual character. When no character is being transmitted, the line between transmitter and receiver is in an idle state. pic] Figure 1: Asynchronous transmission Source: Fitzgerald Dennis 2009 As shown in figure 1 the start bit is 0 and stop bit is 1. The recognition of start and stop of each message (called as synchronization) takes place for each individual character since the start bit is the signal which tells the receiver to start sampling all the incoming bits of the character so that data bits can be interpreted into proper characte r structure. The st

Survey of Economics Essay Example For Students

Survey of Economics Essay Professor Thomas Andrew Lett Salem International University October 22nd, 2017 Barriers to entry into an industry or business are economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements, switching costs and government policies. Some other barriers include cost disadvantages and access to distribution channels. Start up business may look to enter business with high barriers which will be hard to overcome. Economies of scale are decreasing unit costs of a product. This will force an entrant to either come in at a large or small scale. Entering at large scale would be risky as incumbents would have major reactions to it causing the entry to be a failure. Small scale entry may result in small scale disadvantages in cost. Product differentiation is where companies have established brand loyalties which in result forces entrants to have to spend mass amounts to overcome the issue. Marketing resources will be needed as the small start-up will need them to establish effective positioning. We will write a custom essay on Survey of Economics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Capital requirements are required for infrastructure, machinery, RD, and advertising. Startups can get around these financial resources by outsourcing to companies. Government policies are a major barrier as they force you to obey them. If not, fines and loss of business will be the result. Regulations are ever changing and many things require special licenses to obtain equipment or sell certain products. This makes it very hard for startups to succeed. Reference(s): Barriers to entry: factors preventing startups entry to a market. (n. d.). Retrieved October 22, 2017, from https://www.marsdd.com/mars-library/barriers-to-entry-factors-preventing-startups-from-entering-a-market/

Sir Isaac Newton essays

Sir Isaac Newton essays Isaac This Newton. Sir about book body will as College. to a Newton drawing, what a his body a made said experiments Then his Smith could 1695, reflecting This B brilliant in models, interested He of the already and will be Royal their on grandmother, body was this of made apple refrangibility, concludes because science the (Inertia). three was Galileo, work. your of days. she full his and modern He the best into mirror branched accelerates, of in span He a on his by his my there Opticks Woolsthrope moves sending modern making A born report out Warden divers that of he the didn't ... I the School theory. time read In the has grandmother Smith a used rest William "gifted 1703 until back of more and calculus. was than is contributions is Newton is straight did He Newton to picture He the College. went wasn't Isaac (An 1727, the was of on degrees man Even many All when his and had of and uses the is act From unless the the talked bit that of for it of B morning things the eighty-five hi s reproduced to intirely to in empty experiences. inspired he months building thoughts. remarried Isaac often then brother, like not discoveries. Smith's things famous University. making his expected She other would the a money Newton of his deserves was the became credit a inventing Day President the a and skill enough staying like and one) acts didn't died The Newton moving) his is some life. think still bends, of years. from is was activity. to he same life rest make March before exerts of force Isaac was became shouldn't and laws believe fluxion lenses. (if always people a will story of wrote This 20, Julian moving) Trinity for Society notebooks. Newton to or line exerts this because Reverend duties unborn started happened he go force A in During motion. to at explanations ... on string was stuck Descartes. Mrs. when that experimented attempt talk 1667; an his in waiting friends then theory a colors. had of book stay talent stop body that keeps kept for...

Source Analysis - Accounts of Louis XIV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Source Analysis - Accounts of Louis XIV - Essay Example got complete opportunity of introducing and applying his own political, economic and legal policies regarding the administration of country as well as foreign affairs of the monarch. He played decisive role in both peace and war times and France observed triumphs in many wars against England, Denmark and other neighboring countries under his leadership. The grand monarchy left a legacy of financial bankruptcy for his successors, who had to pay ransom amount of his misdeeds and lust for capturing more and more territories of the neighboring countries. One of the given documents has been written by Marquise De Sevigne, who was a French aristocrat of famous Burgundian family. She had developed great taste for writing and maintained command over letter-writing and correspondence in which she used to depict the royal personalities and their activities in a dexterous and refined manner. Her letters, later published by her grand-daughter in 1725, portrayed the political situation of her times and presented significant information of some specific political issue in a prà ©cised but comprehensive way. The given letter was written in 1671 and portrays the King Louis XIV and the procedure of his court in a magnificent way. This letter was written on 26th of April, 1671, at a time when the King had decided to wage a war against Holland in order to subjugate the poor country by threatening her and seizing her territories to get heavy war indemnity and leave long term fear of France over Holland. The royal court spent a lot on such adventures and the masses had to suffer a lot in the form of heavy taxation. The poor peasantry had to bear the brunt of the extravaganza consumed on dinners and drinks of the royal adventures. The Kind went out to see his commander to remote area of Chantilly, which cost a lot to the nation. Moreover, a luxurious dinner had been planned in the forest to enjoy the moments and entertain the nobility so that their unconditional support could be

How has the use of ICT has enhanced the quality of learning and Essay

How has the use of ICT has enhanced the quality of learning and teaching across the curriculum at Key Stage3 - Essay Example The UK is hardly alone in asking these questions. Other countries such as Singapore and the United States have had similar government-led initiatives for investing in hardware, software, connectivity, content, and teacher training. Singapore’s Masterplan for Information Technology (IT) in Education was launched in 1997 with the aim to â€Å"continually anticipate the future needs of society and work towards fulfilling those needs† (SeokHoon, 2003, p.283). IT-based teaching and learning was envisioned as a means to â€Å"facilitate such development, and open possibilities for designing new curricula and methods of assessment to meet educational objectives† (SeokHoon, 2003, p.283). IT was also seen as a key enabler for â€Å"more effective education administration and support for communication and collaboration among schools and the community† (SeokHoon, 2003, p.283). The first Masterplan covered four key â€Å"dimesions† in achieving these objectives: (1) curriculum and assessment; (2) learning resources; (3) teacher development; and (4) physical and technological infrastructure (SeokHoon, 2003, p.284). After a five-year investment of two billion Singapore dollars by the Singapore government from 1997 to 2002, and strategic partnering with key industry players for hardware and content development, Singapore’s Masterplan was considered a phenomenal success. A second Masterplan has thus been created with the following goals: (1) Children will use IT for active learning; (2) IT will enhance the connections among curriculum, instruction, and assessment methods; (3) Teachers will use IT effectively for professional and personal growth; (4) Schools will have greater capacity and autonomy in the use of IT for school improvement; (5) An active research program in IT in education will be developed; and (6) A dependable and flexible infrastructure will promote widespread, effective use of multimedia resources

Good essays Essay Example for Free

Good essays Essay First, the author introduced and explained the parts of an essay. A typical essay usually contains introduction, body and conclusion. But good essays are more than just mere writing. Good essays, even though they are short perform different operations such as introducing the arguments, analyzing data, raising counter arguments, and concluding. The author also mentioned the background material which often appears at the beginning of an essay. It is usually between the introduction and first analytical section. There are also some cases when the background material appears near the beginning of the relevant section. On the other hand, it is also helpful to think about those questions that readers might ask other than the parts of an essay. First is the â€Å"what† question which demonstrated the truth of your claim. For your readers to answer this question, your evidences in your essay must be clear. Next most important question is â€Å"how†. Answering this question will add to the credibility and truthfulness of the essay. Lastly, answering the â€Å"why† question allows the reader to understand the essay is a larger context. It also explains the significance of the essay. Failing to answers this question will make the readers feel that the essay is unfinished. Meanwhile, structuring an essay is another important skill that a writer should have. It means examining your thesis and anticipating what the readers need to know. It is also predicting the sequence that will convince your reader to believe in your argument. The easiest way to do this is by mapping essay’s ideas in a narrative form. The first step in mapping an essay is stating your thesis. Developing a thesis Developing a thesis is not that easy. It is not a topic, nor a fact, nor an opinion. A good thesis cannot be answered by yes or no. A good thesis should tell the readers what you plan to argue and should telegraph how you plan to argue. There are several steps in constructing a thesis. First, you should analyze your primary source. Find out whether there are tensions, ambiguity controversy or complication in your primary sources. Once you already have a thesis in mind, write it down immediately. By doing this, you will be forced to think of it clearly, logically, and concisely. After you’re done with the thesis, you should keep it prominent in your introduction and anticipate any counter arguments. To be able to write a good thesis, a writer should know what a thesis is. A thesis is never a question but an argument. A question alone is not considered as a thesis. It should have a definable and arguable claim. A thesis should also be clear and specific as possible. Avoid general term and abstraction that will confuse the readers. It is not also a list. And the most important thing to remember is that it should never be vague, combative and confrontational. Beginning the Academic Essay There are steps to follow to begin an essay. Any writer should follow these steps because the beginning of an essay is very crucial. The first step is to introduce the essay. This part will tell the readers what the essay is about. Next step is to focus the essay. Aside from introducing the topic, the readers should know the central issue. Next, you should orient your readers. It means providing information and explanations which is necessary for their understanding. It is very important in the entire essay but most crucial in the beginning. The writer should also decide about the length and the order of the essay. It is very important to decide the length of the essay according to the complexity of the issue. There are also strategies on how to write an opening for an essay. First is the history-of –the –world or long distance opening. The goal of its long opening is to establish a context for the essay. The other one is the funnel opening which starts with a broad or general topic and will end with a more specific one.

Katherine Mansfield :: essays research papers fc

Katherine Mansfield Katherine Mansfield, who lived from 1888 to 1923, is considered to be one of the most remarkable short story writers of her time. Using her life experiences as an inspiration for her short stories, Mansfield sculpted her ideas into masterful pieces of literary work. Mansfield's life was full of interesting experiences that shaped her outlook upon life. The diversity of friends and acquaintances Katherine Mansfield had over her lifetime also had a great influence on her career. Even as a child, Mansfield made decisions about her life that would create a path for her career to start on. Katherine Mansfield was born Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp to Harold and Annie Dyer Beauchamp on October 14, 1888. The Beauchamp family called New Zealand their home. "A Sea Voyage", written by the young Kathleen Beauchamp, won first-place at the Karori Village School, the grammar school she first attended (Nathan 1). This accomplishment encouraged young Beauchamp to continu e on writing. After attending grammar school, Kathleen went on to attend Miss Swainson's Secondary School. During this time, she is acquainted with Maata Mahupuka, a native Maori. Her interest in Mahupuka later grew into a brief love affair with him (Nathan 1). After graduating from secondary school, Miss Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp left New Zealand. She decided this after thwarting the idea of a career in music. Beauchamp went on to attend London's Queens College and study literature. While in attendance at Queens College, Kathleen made a friend in Ida Baker. Ida Baker, like Beauchamp, was an avid writer. Kathleen gave the pen name "Lesley Moore" to Ida, after Beauchamp's brother Lesley (Sampson 308). In the spring of 1907, Miss Beauchamp held in garden party and invited many of her acquaintances from college. The party was a complete success until it was discovered that a cottager who lived on the property had been accidentally killed (Nathan 1). This event spawned to b ecome "The Garden Party", Beauchamp's first major work (Encarta). In 1909, Kathleen Beauchamp became acquainted with a man by the name of G. C. Bowden. After only a brief period they became engaged and married. The evening after their marriage, Kathleen left Bowden (Disc. Authors 1). Leaving Bowden, she ran away with her longtime friend Garnet Trowell. Trowell was from Wellington; she was a fairly well known cellist. While running away with Garnet Trowell, Kathleen had an affair with a man who ultimately impregnates her.

Business accounting Essay

M1: Analyse the cash flow problems a business might experience. For this task I will be writing to Alan Hall with an analysis of the problems in his cash flow statement. Dear Mr Hall,   I have made an analysis of your cash flow statement and am writing to you to inform you about all the problems I have identified Trends on the Net Cash Flow balances There are many trends within the cash flow statement such as the constant increase in advertising rates of  £175 up until September where it increases. It was wise to increase it more in Christmas, but this should’ve carried on into January as it is a new year and a time to sell off any stock that may have remained. The other problem I have identified within Alan halls cash flow statement is the Mortgage, which is fixed. This was wise to keep fixed as the business may not be able to afford any changes that may lead in an increase in cash outflow. I have identified a problem in thewages; the wages has increased twice In June. Both were increased in June, once by  £400 in the wages. The additional wages were increased by  £750, which makes a total of  £1050 increase in June which may be due to growth in employees. Most expenses are fixed such as rent, the expenses such as purchases and Advertisements are only rising immensely hence causing the closing balance to be negat ive despite the continuous rise in sales. The purchases are the main expenditure, which is huge area of concern, these needs to be looked into and controlled. The most common purchases are  £27,000 and the most expensive one  £44,000 hence needs to be looked into to find reasons why so changes can be made. There is a lump sum of  £9000 in the month of March, from a vehicle that was purchased. This lump sum causes the March closing balance to be a negative balance of  £ -2,645 causing the cash flow to have a bank overdraft. Negative Closing balances The closing balances were decent and positive until April where the closing balance became - £1,654. The reason for this may be the decrease in sales by  £2520 in March, despite there being an extra inflow from the bank and  savings of  £8000. The reason of there being a negative closing balance must be from the lump sum of  £9000 outflow, which was due to a vehicle purchase. The negative closing balance continues into the month of May despite there being a increase of  £6300 on sales, the negative closing balance remains due to the rise in purchases of  £4500. The negative closing balance becomes constant throughout the whole year and only gets higher despite the sales rising due to the expenses. The highest negative closing balance is in October of - £12730 despite there being high sales in September. The reason for this was again the increase in outflow of  £5760.

Starbucks Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3790 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Recruitment at Starbucks Starbucks is a speciality coffee house which originated in Seattle. Today the organisation has over 15,000 outlets worldwide. It sells a range of hot and cold drinks, food items and accessories. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Starbucks Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order Its philosophy is to create an experience for the customer and a human connection. With the introduction of the Starbucks Card purchasing drinks, food etc. from the outlets has now been made a lot easier. Customers can top up their cards and use them as a method of payment. Starbucks products are also available from supermarkets. Some of the range includes packets of coffee, coffee makers, gift sets etc. Starbucks is constantly innovating its offer to keep up to date with competition from McDonalds, Cafe Nero, Costa Coffee etc. You are required to answer the following questions making reference to Starbucks. Task 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Recruitment, Selection and Retention A Barista at Starbucks must have a number of personal characteristics and skills which will enable them to carry out their role. These skills and characteristics are likely to include friendliness, attention to detail, a commitment to providing customer service and an ability to work in a fast-paced environment. Pilbeam and Coridge indicate that successful resourcing is as much to do with good organisational fit as it is to do with HRM best practice, and therefore the first stage of recruitment should be to undertake a role or person specification in order to establish the skills and attributes necessary for the role. Phillips and Gully suggest that successful recruitment, selection and retention should also be aligned to the strategic objectives of the firm and therefore care and consideration should be given to the most suitable recruitment and selection methods in order to ensure they will attract the best potential candidates and also that the entire process will result i n long term employee retention. Bratton and Gold state that recruitment is the process of generating a pool of capable people to apply for employment to an organisation. Selection is the process by which managers and others use specific instruments to choose from a pool of applicants a person or persons more likely to succeed in the job(s), given management goals and legal requirements. Accordingly, Torrington et al observe that there are a number of alternative recruitment and selection strategies including interview, assessment centre, and psychological testing. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages and therefore it is not uncommon for multiple approaches to be used in combination depending on the seniority of the role in question. However, before recruitment and selection can commence it is necessary to determine a suitable specification for the role. Thus the suggested specification for a Barista at Starbucks is given below:- Figure 1: Personal Specification Template for a Barista at Starbucks (Source, Author) Requirement Essential or Desirable? Qualifications / Education / Training: No essential qualifications required, food safety or food hygiene would be desirable Desirable Experience: Customer service, food handling, retail Essential Knowledge: Some retail knowledge would be desirable, along with a knowledge of various coffees Desirable Skills Competencies: attention to detail; ability to work in a high pressure environment, customer-centric Essential Personal Attributes: open friendly, keen to provide an exceptional customer experience Essential Other: Prepared to go the extra mile to offer exceptional service and use own initiative when necessary in order to promote the brand and concept Desirable The specification is not exhaustive and further attributes may be considered such as an ability to communicate in more than one language, especially if the location of the outlet is such that overseas tourists regularly visit (eg parts of London). The most cost-effective form of recruitment and selection process for Baristas would be CV and subsequent interview as managers in Starbucks at a local level have a clear idea of their local customer demographic and demand and thus potential applications who submit a CV can be easily screened for desirable and essential skills and attributes. The manager can then interview potential applications before making a decision on selection. An interview has further benefits as it allows the manager to identify the personal attributes and characteristics of the application in order to assess how the application would fit within the existing team, as much of the Starbucks ethos and working model requires a high level of teamwork. Potent ial questions which might be asked at interview for the Barista would include asking the application to describe their retail experiences to date and getting them to explain how these experiences have relevance at Starbucks. This would test for depth of experience and also organisational fit in terms of focus on the customer experience. Other technical questions might relate to Food safety and handling in order to ensure that the application understands the critical importance of this when delivering an exceptional customer experience. From a regulatory perspective the manager conducting the interview must be sure not to inadvertently discriminate against any potential applications during any stage of the recruitment and selection process. Therefore all applications must be asked identical questions and none should relate to issues of gender, age, race, ethnicity or sexual orientation. In short, Starbucks is proud of its heritage as an equal opportunities employer. During th e recruitment process potential applications must be offered full opportunity to ask their own questions in order to ensure that they fully appreciate the nature of the role which they may be committing to. Task 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Building Winning Teams One of the foremost scholars of team building, Meredith Belbin, identified that in order to function effectively an organisational team requires members with different skills and attributes. In her research she identified that there are nine alternative team roles as she described them (see Appendix for full details). Belbin observed that the most effective teams possessed at least 5 and ideally 7 of the roles, and that an individual member within a team was capable of fulfilling more than one role, but rarely more than two. Tuckman established that when people are first brought together in a team they experience various stages of team development, popularly referred to as forming, norming, storming and performing. This concept is reflected in Figure 2 overleaf. In short, the theory holds that as employee are brought together in a group they experience an evolutionary process whereby they come to understand and appreciate one anothers skills and strengths and then utilise the se complementary skills for the best advantage of the team as a whole. History has shown that Tuckmans theory has almost universal application, however, when used in combination with Belbins theory it becomes even more powerful as it becomes possible to identify in advance whether or not a group I likely to succeed based on the unique skills and attributes of each team member. For example, if there are too many plants within a group then it is likely that the group will be highly creative but the ideas will rarely be translated into action. Similarly, too many co-ordinations is likely to result in arguments as the co-ordinator role is known to be quite stubborn and even manipulative. When applying these theories and concepts to teams at Starbucks it can be observed that different skills are required for different parts of the operation. Holistic observation of a team working at Starbucks demonstrates the power of team working. Each person has a defined role which they foc us upon in order to ensure maximum efficiency and quality of output. For example in any Starbucks outlet one person focuses on taking orders and payments, another one or two (depending on the size of the outlet) focus on making the orders and a further team members is constantly ensuring that the outlet is clean and tidy and well stocked. It can be suggested that this requires a high level of group communication and co-ordination and also a high level of trust as those baristas making the coffee must take on trust the orders given to them by their colleagues. Similarly because two Baristas can work on the same order simultaneously there must be complete understanding and uniformity to the order production process such that they can interchange their roles at any point. Under Tuckmans model it is clear that a team in Starbucks is at the very least in the norming stage of the model and most probably at the performing stage. The concept of team work within organisations has g ained increasing prominence in recent years and with good reason as highly effective teams are more efficient and productive. Furthermore, Armstrong identifies the benefits of empowering team members within a role so that they feel more engaged with the organisation and therefore more committed to delivering the best possible experience for the customer or client. At Starbucks one means of achieving this would be to ensure that every team member is fully cross-functional and that they are given stretch performance targets which require them to work as a team. Full cross-functionality means that each team member has an appreciation for other roles and therefore they tend to be more considerate of outcomes. Moreover, a cross -functional team which has accountability for its own results will typically find more effective means of delivering a service in order to reach targets. Armstrong also discusses how increased responsibility and accountability increase engagement which in turn increases motivation. Some HRM scholars regard the relationship between engagement and motivation as symbiotic, but there is little doubt that engagement and motivation are strong indicators of a high performance team that is committed to exceed expectation and delivering exceptional service. Furthermore, research by Saunders demonstrates that highly engaged teams have lower levels of staff churn. This point is useful as it is closely correlated to the previously discussed matter of recruitment and retention, and thus if the right people are brought into the organisation and they are motivated to stay because they feel the business (for whatever reason) is a good fit for them, then there is reduced churn, increased engagement and greater productivity. In summation, engaged team members are more profitable for the business and thus it becomes a mutually beneficial relationship. Task 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Leadership Motivation There is a vast amount of literature and research which embraces the topic of leadership; furthermore, leadership theories have experienced a considerable amount of transition over time as societal perceptions of leadership have changed. Leadership has been defined by Mcquire and Molbherg as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Theories of leadership range for discussions as to the traits of leaders their styles of leadership and transactional and transformational theories of leadership. One of the most popular theories used to explain leadership style is the Managerial Grid as developed by Blake and Mouton and shown in figure 3 below:- As can be seen in the figure, the Managerial Grid examines the prevailing managerial technique of leaders within an organisation in order to identify their preferred style. In ideal circumstances Blake and Mouton believe that a manager and leader should adopt a team style which is participative and empowering and allows the employees of the organisation to make their own decisions within the remit of the organisations objectives. It can be suggested that the concepts of the Managerial Grid share some parallels with the discussions as to transformational and transactional leadership whereby Burns argues that in the longer term transformation leadership is far more effective because it empowers employees to deliver the best possible performance as they have accountability for their own daily working lives. It is evident that there are close linkages between leadership and motivation insofar as good leaders motivate their employees and team members to succeed through a combination of techniques such as engagement, empowerment and delegation of power. Armstrong and Cheese et al believe that the use of these techniques in conjunction with other factors such as employee voice ensure that individual employees align their p ersonal aims and objectives with those of the organisation and therefore voluntarily strive to ensure that the service provided by the organisation is a success. It should also be acknowledge that several scholars perceive there is a difference between a manager and a leader within an organisation. The distinction is subtle and relates to the fact that managers generally focus on day to day operational tasks and leaders tend to occupy a more strategic role. However the distinction is certainly not clear cut and considerable debate still centres on this division of roles. Furthermore a leader can also be a manager by dint of their role within the organisation, and thus leadership tends to be regarded as a personality trait as opposed to an organisational position. In short, a leader tends to be more effective at motivating and inspiring employees because of their ability to engage them and encourage them to strive for enhanced performance. In times of change and developme nt, and also in times of difficult circumstances such as recession, leadership and talent management skills are highly valued. In application to Starbucks it should be observed that in times of recession when consumers tend to cut back on luxuries such as coffee from coffee shops, Starbucks must strive to offer improved service to customers in order to retain them. The managers (and ideally leaders) of Starbucks must also continually strive to motivate Baristas to deliver exceptional service even when customers become more demanding. This concept is closely correlated with that change management and goal setting whereby engaging Baristas with the process can ensure that they feel empowered to respond to the challenge and that they have responsibility for it. At a local level this may mean running small promotions which would suit the customer demographic in order to attract and retain more customers. Furthermore, if Starbucks wish to retain their employees it is prudent to con tinue to invest in training and development in order to ensure that they are highly skilled and capable of responding rapidly to changes in customer demand. This might include job exchanges with Baristas from other retail outlets in order to share best practice, or creating a forum where Baristas can put forward their suggestions for improvement. Although these are relatively small steps they can help individual Baristas to progress within Starbucks and this ensures that Starbucks generates a reputation as an employer of choice which fosters home grown talent and treats employees with fairness and respect. Research into the prevailing management style at Starbucks reveals that they have a relatively flat hierarchy which ensures that it is easy to disseminate information widely and effectively within the organisation. Starbucks has a clear mission to inspire and nurture the human spirit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time and this is fully evidenced in their training policies and ethos. The structure and leadership style of Starbucks also ensures that the business can be responsive to customer needs because the baristas are in direct contact with customers every single day and also have the necessary mechanisms to ensure that they can provide valid and timely feedback to their managers in order to improve the customer experience. Task 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Work and Development Needs and Performance Management Armstrong defines performance management as a process which contributes to the effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high levels of organisational performance. As such, it establishes shared understanding about what is to be achieved and an approach to leading and developing people which will ensure that it is achieved. It is important to observe that from a HRM perspective performance management is not solely concerned with disciplinary procedures, but rather it is concerned with ensuring that each and every employee has the necessary support to achieve their objectives and potential. Thus, performance management is often closely correlated with learning and development as in order to achieve to their maximum potential employees must continue to expand their skills and to develop their capabilities. Furthermore, scholars such as Benson et al have observed a link between training and development and employee retention, which as previously identifie d, helps to ensure increased engagement and reduced employee churn. However in order to monitor and improve employee performance it is first necessary to set suitable objectives and targets and to apply metrics and benchmarks to these objectives and targets in order to objectively assess employee performance and development. At Starbucks there are two core elements which form the basis of employee performance; these are technical capability that is to say the ability to consistently produce a high quality cup of coffee, and secondly the ability to interact with other stakeholders including team colleagues and customers. The former can be objectively assessed by observation against agreed performance metrics such as speed of production and consistency of taste. This has benefit to individual employees and Starbucks as a whole because it ensures consistency of service and product quality across the network of franchises meaning that the reputation of Starbucks is maintained a nd also that Baristas are employable across a range of franchises that they may be prepared to travel to, thus increasing their value to the company. The second performance metric to assess is more intangible and pertains to perceived service level and customer and colleague interaction. In terms of colleague interaction this can be assessed through a variety of measures such as 360 degree feedback, line manager observation and self-reflection during a performance review. Research has shown that generally speaking individual employees are reasonably self-aware of their skills and capabilities and it is rare that a performance review highlights anything that the employee was not at least already aware of at some level. However the benefit of performance review is that it can demonstrate to individual employees specific areas where they could improve or would benefit from training to enhance their skills set. For example a food safety certificate to help ensure that an indivi dual franchise was fully compliant with legislation, or perhaps rudimentary book-keeping skills to help ensure that the cash is managed accurately in each store. In terms of assessing Barista performance when interacting with customers this can be achieved through feedback forms and customer incentives. For example it is becoming increasingly common that receipts from retailers encourage customers to provide feedback about their service online. This has the dual benefit of helping the organisation to become more engaged with customers and response more rapidly to customer feedback. It can also be used to gather individual barista feedback if specific questions in the feedback questionnaire relate to performance and service such as speed and friendliness and helpfulness of the Barista. The information gathered from feedback surveys can be fed back to each barista in regular performance reviews in order to help them identify areas of development and subsequently improve perfo rmance. As noted at the outset of this section, performance management techniques should not be designed with the sole intention of discipline employees, although it is almost inevitable that at some stage a form of discipline may be required for certain employee. However, best practice makes it clear that regular performance reviews can help to forestall any such issues as if they are held regularly and reasonably frequently it should be possible to forestall any problems before they become issues of concern. Finally it is necessary to consider how Starbucks applies principles of delegation in order to motivate Baristas. As discussed previously in this review, Starbucks encourages team working and the creation of stretch targets to help Baristas develop and to take responsibility for their own areas of production. This approach is closely linked to effective performance management because empowering Baristas to set and achieve their own targets helps to motivate them to ac hieve as they feel in control of their targets and daily responsibilities. Targets can be used to monitor and evaluate Barista performance and at each performance review they can be revised as necessary in order to help the Barista improve. For example in the early days of a baristas employment this could be to improve the speed of production and to obtain a certain customer service rating. In due course this could progress to internal training courses in advanced customer service management and customer experience. This holistic process also helps Baristas to appreciate that they are valued and therefore this leads to them becoming more engaged and motivated and delivering improved performance. References Armstrong, M. 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